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An atom consists of protons, neutron and electron. Electron is a negative charge (−), and a proton has a positive charge (+). When an electron and a proton pair up, they become neutral (0) and cancel the charge out.
 
Now determine the net charge:
  
atom.jpg
 
i) 4 electrons and 15 protons \(=\)  protons.
 
ii) 4 electrons and 18 protons \(=\)  protons.
 
iii) 3 protons and 17 electrons \(=\)  electrons.
 
iv) 16 protons and 11 electrons \(=\)  protons.