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An atom consists of protons, neutron and electron. Electron is a negative charge (−), and a proton has a positive charge (+). When an electron and a proton pair up, they become neutral (0) and cancel the charge out.
Now determine the net charge:
i) 4 electrons and 15 protons \(=\) protons.
ii) 4 electrons and 18 protons \(=\) protons.
iii) 3 protons and 17 electrons \(=\) electrons.
iv) 16 protons and 11 electrons \(=\) protons.