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How do biotic and abiotic factors affect crop production?
 
a. Living organisms like insects and rodents feeding on crops can also transmit diseases, such as nematodes, mycoplasmas, bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These are known as ________.

b. Non-living components, such as excess water, drought, salinity, heat, cold or frost, that affect the growth of crop plants are referred to as _____________.
 
c. Water-logging reduces soil aeration, harming root growth. Drought limits water for plant needs. Frost, cold, and heat harm crop metabolism.