Mind map — lesson. Science State Board, Class 10.

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Properties of Alpha, Beta and Gamma rays:

Properties	Alpha rays	Beta rays	Gamma rays
What are they?	Helium nucleus ( $_{2}He^{4}$ ) with two protons and two neutrons	Electrons ( $_{-1}e^{0}$ )	Electromagnetic waves consisting of photons
Charge	Positively charged particles with charge of $+2e$	Negatively charged particles with charge of $–e$	Chargeless neutral particles
Ionising power	$100$ times greater than $β$ rays and $10,000$ times greater than $γ$ rays	Comparatively low ionisation power	Very less ionisation power
Penetrating power	Low penetrating power	Penetrating power is greater than that of $α$ rays	Very high penetrating power greater than that of $β$ rays
Effect of electric and magnetic field	Deflected by both the fields	Deflected by both the fields but opposite to that of alpha rays	Not deflected
Speed	Ranges from $1/10$ to $1/20$ times the speed of light	Has $9/10$ times the speed of light	Travel with the speed of light
Rest mass	$4$ times the mass of the proton	Equal to the mass of an electron	No mass
Stopping substance	Thin paper and human skin	About $1\ mm$ of lead or $3\ mm$ of aluminium	About $30\ cm$ of iron or few metres of concrete
Biological damage	Causes damage and harmful to humans	Causes damage and harmful to humans	Passes through a human body and destroy the cells (kill cancer cells)

Mind map of Nuclear Physics:

nuclear mind map.png

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