13. Answer in detail III

\(2Na_{(s)}+2HCl_{(aq)} →2NaCl_{(aq)}+H_{2(g)}\) (SlowFast)

\(2Na_{(s)}+2CH_3COOH_{(aq)}→2CH_3COONa_{(aq)}+ H_{2(g)}\) (SlowFast)

Concentration of the reactants: The reaction rate can also be increased by changing the amount of reactants. The higher the concentrationlower the concentration, the more particles per volume are present, and so the reaction is faster.

Temperature: At greater temperatures, most reactions occur faster. Because adding heat to the reactants gives them more energy to mix the reactantsbreak bonds, the reaction can be sped quickly.

Pressure: If the reactants are gases, increasing the pressure decreasing the pressure of the reactants speeds the reaction rate. This is because when the pressure is decreasedincreased, the reacting particles become closer and more likely to collide.

Catalyst: A catalyst is a substance that accelerates the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the processwith being consumed in the process. The addition of a catalyst to some processes speeds the reaction.

Surface area of the reactants: Marble chips react more quickly with hydrochloric acid than powdered calcium carbonate. Because the surface area of the reactants is decreasedincreased by powdering them, more energy is released when the reactant particles collide. As a result, the reaction rate is increased.