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The plants that do not produce seeds are known as non-flowering plants. Based on the nature of their plant body, the non-flowering plants are classified into three types. They are algae, mosses, and ferns.
Algae:
- These are groups of plants that do not have a well-differentiated body design as root, stem, and leaves. Hence the plant is a thallus.
- They are predominantly aquatic.
- They are unicellular or multicellular and filamentous.
- These plants are commonly known as algae.
Clockwise from top left: Chara, Ulva, Chladophora, Spirogyra
Mosses:
- These are water-living plants that require moisture to complete their life cycle.
- They are known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom as they need moisture to complete their life cycle.
- In these plants, their bodies are differentiated to form stems and leaf-like structures.
- But they lack specialised tissues for the conduction of water, food, and other substances.
Example:
Mosses such as Funaria, Riccia, Marchantia, and Liverworts
Clockwise from top: Funaria, Riccia, Marchantia, Liverworts
Ferns:
- Ferns are plants whose body is differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves. The leaves may be large or small.
- They also have specialised tissues to conduct water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another. Hence, they are known as vascular cryptogams.
- They are found in terrestrial or dry areas.
- They grow in shady, moist, and cool places.
- These are the first land plants.
Clockwise from top: Marsilea, Ferns, Horsetails, Adiantum
Reference:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cladophora_rupestris_Helgoland.jpg/512px-Cladophora_rupestris_Helgoland.jpg
https://www.flickr.com/photos/johnwturnbull/28308878684
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CharaFragilis.jpg/512px-CharaFragilis.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_freshwater_alga_Spirogyra.jpg/512px-The_freshwater_alga_Spirogyra.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Marchantia_polymorpha_%28a%2C_144712-474823%29_9865.jpg/512px-Marchantia_polymorpha_%28a%2C_144712-474823%29_9865.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Liverwort.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Funaria.hygrometrica.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Riccia_cavernosa.jpg/512px-Riccia_cavernosa.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Marsilea_minuta_9090.jpg/512px-Marsilea_minuta_9090.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sa-fern.jpg/512px-Sa-fern.jpg
https://www.flickr.com/photos/scarygami/5649905401
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Adiantum_pedatum_09905.JPG/512px-Adiantum_pedatum_09905.JPG
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