1. Introduction of Matter

Matter is all around us. In other hand, it can be defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. The air you are breathing is also a matter. See some examples given below:

 

 

 

Matter consists of atoms. Atom is the smallest particle that we cannot see through nacked eyes, even on the standard microscopes. Science introduced a technology to identify the structure of atoms: SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and TEM (Tunneling Electron microscope) that uses electricity to map atoms.
 
An atom consists of particles of neutron (N), electron (E) and protons (P) in which neutrons and protons are present in the nucleus of the atom and electrons are present outside of the nucleus.

 

 

The matter is made up of tiny particles. For example, water is made up of small water particles that one drop of water has  ${10}^{21}$ water particles, and a single dot made by pen has more than \(2\) Lacs of particles.

 

 

 

Based on the characteristic of particles in matter, it can be classified into three states.

Particles in solids:
 
Particles in the solids are tightly packed with no space between them. Hence, it has a definite shape and volume. Examples: Stone, granite and limestone.
 
Particles in liquids:
 
Particles in the liquids are arranged randomly with some space between them. Hence, it has a definite volume but not shape.

Example: Water
 
Particles in gases:
 
Particles in the gases are arranged far away. Hence, it has no definite shape and volume. It can move fast and colloid one another.

Example: Air